Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy – p\u0159ehled<\/h1>\n
Stejn\u011b jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b maj\u00ed i anglick\u00e9 minul\u00e9, budouc\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 \u010dasy dva tvary:<\/p>\n
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- jeden popisuje, co pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1me (b\u011b\u017e\u00edm do obchodu pro pampersky),<\/li>\n
- a druh\u00fd popisuje, co d\u011bl\u00e1me pravideln\u011b (b\u011bh\u00e1m ka\u017ed\u00fd den, proto\u017ee je to zdrav\u00e9).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Prvn\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 simple <\/em><\/strong>(jednoduch\u00fd) a druh\u00fd continuous\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00fd, n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 naz\u00fdvan\u00fd progressive<\/em>).<\/p>\n
To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee m\u00e1me t\u0159i \u010dasy – minul\u00fd (past<\/em>), p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd (present<\/em>) a budouc\u00ed (future<\/em>) – ve dvou variant\u00e1ch – jednoduch\u00e9 a pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00e9. Tedy 3 x 2 = 6 \u010das\u016f.<\/p>\n
Kdy\u017e je vyn\u00e1sob\u00edme p\u0159es verzi perfect<\/em>, vyjde n\u00e1m 6 x 2 = 12 skv\u011bl\u00fdch anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f<\/strong>!<\/p>\n
Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00e9 (continuous)<\/em><\/h3>\n
Continuosy ve v\u0161ech \u010dasech (past continuous<\/a>, present continuous<\/a>, future continuous,<\/em> a past perfect continuous, present perfect continuous<\/a> a future perfect continuous<\/em>) jsou ty v\u011bty, kdy je sloveso <\/a>(verb – slovo<\/em> popisuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u011bj: b\u011bh\u00e1, sk\u00e1\u010de etc.) v takzvan\u00e9m pr\u016fb\u011bhov\u00e9m tvaru<\/strong><\/a>, tedy kon\u010d\u00ed na p\u00edsmena –ing <\/em>(jumping, learning, dancing<\/em>).<\/p>\n
\n
„Continuouss jsou ty \u010dasy, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed koncovku -ing. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
Albert Einstein<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
P\u0159ed nimi stoj\u00ed tzv.\u00a0pomocn\u00e9 sloveso<\/strong> (auxiliary verb<\/em>), kter\u00e9 samo o sob\u011b neznamen\u00e1 nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e \u017ee ukazuje, \u017ee v\u011bta je v tomto a ne jin\u00e9m \u010dase (tedy n\u011bco jako: on je jdouc\u00ed, byl b\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed).<\/p>\n
Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy typu continuous<\/em> podtrhuj\u00ed \u010dinnost<\/strong>: co se d\u011bje, nikoli d\u016fsledek t\u00e9to \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n
Bylo by to n\u011bco jako na\u0161e nedokonav\u00e9 \u010dasy: jedl jsem, j\u00edm, budu j\u00edst.<\/p>\n
Pokud se situace stala v pln\u00e9m rozsahu – tedy sn\u011bdl jsem a sn\u00edm -, pak pou\u017eijeme dokonav\u00fd tvar, tedy tvar jednoduch\u00fd.<\/p>\n
Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy prost\u00e9 (simple)<\/em><\/h3>\n
Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy typu simple<\/em> popisuj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e obecn\u00e9, pravideln\u00e9 d\u011bje, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b n\u00e1sledky vykonan\u00e9ho d\u011bje (proto se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasy… dokonav\u00e9). Maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed konstrukci: Kdo + sloveso ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m \u010dase + zbytek v\u011bty.<\/p>\n
![\"anglick\u00e1](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/angielski-czasownik.jpg\")
<\/p>\nSouhrn anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f: simple<\/em> vs. continuous<\/em><\/h2>\n
Odtud budeme m\u00edt:<\/p>\n
\nSouhrn \u010das\u016f simple<\/em> a continuous<\/em> v minulosti (past<\/em>):<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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\u010cas past simple<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Ka\u017ed\u00fd den jsem chodil do obchodu \u2013 Every day I walked<\/strong> to the shop.<\/em><\/p>\n
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- \n
\u010cas past continuous<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u0160el jsem v\u010dera do obchodu, kdy\u017e… –\u00a0I was walking<\/strong> to the shop yesterday when…<\/em><\/p>\n
![\"Anglick\u00e9](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/past-300x259.jpg\")
V\u00edce v samostatn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku se shrnut\u00edm minul\u00fdch \u010das\u016f past simple a past continuous<\/a>
<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\nV\u011bt\u0161ina sloves v minul\u00e9m \u010dase je pravideln\u00fdch, tj. maj\u00ed koncovku -ed<\/em>. N\u011bkter\u00e1 – a ta jsou nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed – jsou v\u0161ak legend\u00e1rn\u00ed nepravideln\u00e1 slovesa<\/a>. A co maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s Vikingy, se dozv\u00edte v samostatn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku<\/a>.<\/p>\n
\nSouhrn \u010das\u016f simple<\/em> a continuous<\/em> v<\/strong> p\u0159\u00edtomnosti (present):<\/em><\/h3>\n
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\u010cas\u00a0present simple<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Ka\u017ed\u00fd den chod\u00edm do kina \u2013 Every day I walk<\/strong> to the cinema.<\/em><\/p>\n
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\u010cas present continuous<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
(Te\u010f) jdu do kina \u2013\u00a0I am walking<\/strong> to the cinema (now)<\/em>.<\/p>\n
-> Stejn\u011b jako v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b lze tuto druhou konstrukci (present continuous for future<\/em>) pou\u017e\u00edt jak pro ozna\u010den\u00ed toho, co pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u011bl\u00e1m, tak pro ozna\u010den\u00ed toho, co budu d\u011blat za chv\u00edli v budoucnu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad:<\/p>\n
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- Z\u00edtra jdu do kina \u2013 I’m going to the cinema tomorrow<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
![\"present](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/present-simple-continuous-terazniejszy.jpg\")
Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed a srovn\u00e1n\u00ed obou \u010das\u016f v p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku o p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase present simple a present continuous<\/a>
<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\nSouhrn \u010das\u016f simple<\/em> a continuous<\/em> v<\/strong> budoucnosti (future):<\/em><\/h3>\n
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\u010cas future simple<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
P\u016fjdu za n\u00ed z\u00edtra (abychom si promluvili) – I will walk<\/strong> to her tomorrow (so we will talk)<\/em>.<\/p>\n
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\u010cas future continuous<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Z\u00edtra budu k n\u00ed p\u016fjdu (tak\u017ee po cest\u011b koup\u00edm kv\u011btiny) \u2013 I will be going<\/strong> to her tomorrow (so I will buy flowers on the way).<\/em><\/p>\n
![\"future](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/czasy-przyszle-will-going-to-future-continuous.jpg\")
Viz samostatn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek se shrnut\u00edm budouc\u00edho \u010dasu future simple, future continuous a konstrukce going to.<\/a>
<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\nUk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee z „na\u0161ich t\u0159\u00ed \u010das\u016f“ se najednou stalo „\u0161est anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f“.<\/p>\n
A vlastn\u011b to zat\u00edm nen\u00ed nic nov\u00e9ho. V \u010de\u0161tin\u011b je situace zat\u00edm obdobn\u00e1.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\nNovinka v anglick\u00e9m jazyce bude konstrukce perfect<\/em>. N\u011bco takov\u00e9ho nen\u00ed ve slovansk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n
Obsahuje slovo have<\/em> + zn\u00e1m\u00fd „t\u0159et\u00ed tvar slovesa“ (past participle<\/em>).<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/present-continuous-simple-for-future-arrangements-przyszlosc.jpg\")
Viz tak\u00e9: Present continuous a simple for future arrangements – jak mluvit o budoucnosti v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase?<\/em><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n P\u0159ehled anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f: perfekty<\/h2>\n
Ka\u017ed\u00fd z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch \u0161esti \u010das\u016f lze za\u0159adit do varianty perfect<\/em>, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se po\u010det \u010das\u016f zdvojn\u00e1sob\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1me on\u011bch legend\u00e1rn\u00edch dvan\u00e1ct anglick\u00fdch \u010das\u016f – na\u0161ich „dvan\u00e1ct velk\u00fdch<\/strong>„.<\/p>\n
\u0160est dal\u0161\u00edch \u010das\u016f perfect<\/em>:<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Perfekty v minulosti:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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- „P\u0159edminul\u00fd“ \u010das past perfect simple:<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I had walked<\/strong>.<\/em> (D\u0159\u00edv\u011b jsem byl \u0161el.)<\/p>\n
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- \u010cas past perfect continuous: <\/em> <\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I had been walking<\/strong><\/em>.<\/strong> (D\u0159\u00edve jsem byl jdouc\u00ed.)<\/p>\n
\nPOZN\u00c1MKA: Tyto dv\u011b „p\u0159edminul\u00e9“ konstrukce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e chceme uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee se n\u011bco stalo je\u0161t\u011b d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e dosud vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00e1 minul\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost:<\/p>\n
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- I was<\/strong> ill because I had fallen<\/strong> into cold water<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Bylo mi \u0161patn\u011b, proto\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm jsem byl-spadl do studen\u00e9 vody.<\/p>\n
![\"casove](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/okreslniki-czasu-past-present-perfect-continuous-simple.jpg\")
\u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\nPerfekty v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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\u010cas present perfect simple:<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I have walked<\/strong>.<\/em> (\u0160el jsem\/jdu)<\/p>\n
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- \u010cas present perfect continuous:<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I have been walking<\/strong>.<\/em> (Jsem\/byl jsem jdouc\u00ed)<\/p>\n
Tyto dva \u010dasy popisuj\u00ed vliv minulosti na p\u0159\u00edtomnost. Proto n\u011bkdy p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 perfecty<\/em> do p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho \u010dasu a n\u011bkdy do minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/p>\n
![\"Cas](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/perfect.jpg\")
V\u00edce informac\u00ed o \u010dasech present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, future perfect a dal\u0161\u00edch perfectech<\/a> najdete v samostatn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n Z\u016fstaly n\u00e1m je\u0161t\u011b dva perfecty<\/em> v budoucnosti:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Anglick\u00e9 \u010dasy typu prefect<\/em> v budoucnosti:<\/h3>\n
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- \u010cas future perfect<\/em> simple:<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I will have walked.<\/em> (Budu m\u011bl „uchozeno“ nap\u0159. 5 km).<\/p>\n
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\u010cas future perfect continuous: <\/em> <\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
I will have been walking.<\/em> (Budu-tedy-u\u017e-chod\u00edc\u00ed-nap\u0159. 5h)<\/p>\n
Tyto dva \u010dasy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku v budoucnosti se n\u011bco uskute\u010dn\u00ed nebo bude m\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd dopad.<\/p>\n
Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich je present perect (simple)<\/em><\/a>. Je to nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed anglick\u00fd \u010das, kter\u00fd kv\u016fli jeho pon\u011bkud zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povaze tvrdo\u0161\u00edjn\u011b ignorujeme ve prosp\u011bch p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9ho nebo minul\u00e9ho \u010dasu.<\/p>\n
![\"porovn\u00e1n\u00ed](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/porownanie-czas-present-perfect-past-simple-roznica-zabic.jpg\")
Viz tak\u00e9: Dok\u00e1\u017ee rozd\u00edl mezi past simple a present perfect zab\u00edt?<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n A na z\u00e1v\u011br jeden anglick\u00fd vtip o anglick\u00fdch \u010dasech<\/h2>\n
Past, present and future meet in a bar… it was tense!<\/strong>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n![\"porovn\u00e1n\u00ed](\"https:\/\/speakingo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/angielskie-czasy-zestawienie-tense.jpg\")
<\/p>\nP\u0159eklad pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky a ty, kte\u0159\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b nechytili:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Minulost, p\u0159\u00edtomnost a budoucnost se setkaj\u00ed v hospod\u011b…<\/p>\n
a nyn\u00ed uhod\u00edme h\u0159eb\u00edk na hlavi\u010dku:<\/p>\n
Tense<\/em> znamen\u00e1 „gramatick\u00fd \u010das“ (nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me zde slovo time<\/em>!), tj. jako v past tense, present tense, future tense!<\/em><\/p>\n
Samotn\u00e9 slovo „tense<\/em>“ v\u0161ak znamen\u00e1 tak\u00e9 „intenzivn\u00ed“,“napjat\u00fd“ :).<\/p>\n
Cvi\u010den\u00ed s anglick\u00fdmi \u010dasy<\/h2>\n
Studium anglick\u00e9 gramatiky je velmi p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. To, \u017ee um\u00edme vy\u0159e\u0161it test z angli\u010dtiny, se v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b projevit v na\u0161\u00ed schopnosti mluvit. K tomu nepot\u0159ebujeme v\u00edce teorie, ale praxi! N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed nav\u00edc tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee gramatika je obecn\u011b ztr\u00e1ta \u010dasu<\/a>, kter\u00fd je lep\u0161\u00ed v\u011bnovat praktick\u00fdm cvi\u010den\u00edm!<\/p>\n
Pokud se chcete nau\u010dit, jak spr\u00e1vn\u011b mluvit anglicky pomoc\u00ed v\u0161ech dvan\u00e1cti v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdch \u010das\u016f, v\u00edtejte v online kurzu angli\u010dtiny Speakingo!<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
V\u0161echny tyto \u010dasy jsou nepost\u0159ehnuteln\u011b zabaleny do zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch v\u011bt, kter\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te v konverzaci s… po\u010d\u00edta\u010dem. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd stres, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd u\u010ditel angli\u010dtiny v\u00e1s nehodnot\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Zjist\u011bte, zda v\u00e1m tato metoda v\u00fduky angli\u010dtiny vyhovuje – prvn\u00edch sedm dn\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1te zcela zdarma na otestov\u00e1n\u00ed!<\/p>\n
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- \u010cas future perfect<\/em> simple:<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \u010cas present perfect continuous:<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \n
- I was<\/strong> ill because I had fallen<\/strong> into cold water<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- \u010cas past perfect continuous: <\/em> <\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
- „P\u0159edminul\u00fd“ \u010das past perfect simple:<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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- Z\u00edtra jdu do kina \u2013 I’m going to the cinema tomorrow<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
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